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The communist manifesto of 1848 outlined the beginnings of an idea that was to change world history. Although Marx's "spectre haunting Europe" was a revolutionary spirit which is irresistible because it represents the mobilisation of the workers, the manifesto was an ideological document, not a programme for practical action. Yet the history of Communism is one of repression and brutality. This fascinating global study seeks to balance the two driving forces of theory and practice that made Communism a global phenomenon, and finally examines how the party idea degenerated into a tool for personal despotism in the twentieth century. By 1902, as the movement emerged from the 19th century disturbances such as the Paris Commune, Lenin took the lead in creating a centralised body of disciplined professionals to awaken the slumbering proletariat. Bolsheviks and Mensheviks fought for power, with an important staging point being the 1919 Third Comintern, and on Lenin's death in 1924 the dominant ideology was openly named Leninism as Joseph Stalin was designated the new Secretary of the Russian Communist Party. By 1927 Mao Zedong was calling for a different kind of revolution in China, focusing his Hunan Report on the prospect of a peasant uprising, rather than the top-down elitist revolution of Marx and Lenin. In 1943 Stalin dissolved the Comintern, opening the way for unchallenged brutality, and Mao moved towards the bonfires of the Cultural Revolution. Following Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev led a plot against his henchman Beria and emerged as a leader who ruled by humiliating his colleagues. Finally the glasnost of Gorbachev briefly opened up the party. In spite of the eastern European modifications of the 1970s, and China's attempt at legitimation in the eighties, the idea of an enlightened Communism started to decline in Russia, China, Cuba, north Korea, Vietnam and Laos. 564pp, photos.