ELIZABETH'S SEA DOGS AND THEIR WAR AGAINST SPAIN

"The Armada was very colourful with its upper-works richly decorated and gilded." The Sea Dogs were formed in secret in 1560, seafaring merchantmen mostly from the West Country with navigational ability and leadership skills who originally traded mainly with Holland and France, now bridging the gap between the navies of Spain and England. During Queen Elizabeth's reign however, she authorised them to attack and loot Spanish ships under the flimsy justification provided by the Letters of Marque and Reprisal. They began to spread their reach, sailing further and further afield exploring and plundering, and allied themselves with the French Huguenots and Flemish Dutch, both fiercely anti-Catholic. The main source of wealth quickly became the Caribbean, which, until then, had been predominantly the domain of wealthy Catholic Spain. The first man to trade with the Spanish Main was John Hawkins, who travelled to West Africa, captured the natives and transported them to the Caribbean. There he sold them to plantation owners in exchange for goods such as pearls, hides and spices. He made three voyages and on the disastrous last he took his cousin, Francis Drake. The backers, including the Queen, were satisfied with the bounty but encouraged the Sea Dogs to seek greater riches. England at that time was a relatively impoverished country compared with Spain. Elizabeth had inherited a high cost of inflation, poor harvests and a legacy of poverty from Edward VI and Mary Tudor. This was a time of religious tension with King Philip of Spain, whose marriage to Mary Tudor gave him the right to rule England. The rift between the Catholics and Protestants was cooled somewhat by Elizabeth's keeping the peace between the two countries, despite the continuing campaigns of the privateers crewed by the Sea Dogs. The main thorns in the Spanish side were the Huguenots sending their nimbler vessels to capture ships and ports and Francis Drake. Despite efforts to kill or capture him, he continued to plunder the high seas, bringing back Spanish riches from the New World to England. This allowed the Queen to flourish. It was thanks in main to the privateering exploits of the Sea Dogs such as John Hawkins, Thomas Cavendish and Drake's Circumnavigations that England became so wealthy, paving the way for the Renaissance that followed. 16 pages of b/w illus and maps, 191 pages.